Understanding Hamas requires delving into its origins, ideology, and operational structure within the Gaza Strip. Formed in late 1987 at the beginning of the First Intifada, Hamas emerged as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood. Its name, an acronym for “Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya” (Islamic Resistance Movement), reflects its core identity as a religiously and politically motivated organization in the Palestinian territories.
Hamas’s foundational ideology calls for the establishment of an Islamic Palestinian state in place of Israel, rejecting all agreements made between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and Israel. This aspiration is rooted in a belief that historic Palestine is an “Islamic waqf” or endowment. This fundamental goal drives its political and military strategies, shaping its approach to the conflict.
Since 2007, Hamas has been the de facto governing authority in the Gaza Strip, after winning legislative elections and subsequently ousting its rival Fatah. In this role, it is responsible for administering government services, including health, education, and security, to the inhabitants of Gaza, even while facing a blockade and numerous conflicts with Israel.
The group possesses a military wing, the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades, which has conducted various armed activities against Israel. These actions have included rocket attacks, bombings, shootings, and kidnappings against both military and civilian targets. This military arm is integral to Hamas’s strategy of armed resistance, pursuing its objectives through force.
For a comprehensive understanding Hamas, it’s crucial to acknowledge its complex leadership structure, which includes both political and military figures. While general policy is set by an overarching consultative body, often operating in exile, local committees manage grassroots issues within Gaza and the West Bank. This dual structure allows for both strategic direction and on-the-ground control.
Hamas’s relationship with regional actors is also a key factor in understanding Hamas. Iran is considered its most important ally, providing significant financial and political support. Other countries like Qatar also host Hamas’s political office and provide financial resources, sometimes with the knowledge of Israel. These regional connections are vital for the group’s continued operations and influence.